The true cost of U.S. immigration extends far beyond government filing fees, and a new study reveals that the burden varies dramatically by state. The 2026 U.S. Immigration Affordability Index, released today by CitizenPath, measures the full, realistic cost of six common immigration journeys and translates those costs into hours of work and share of household income. Because U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) charges the same fees nationwide, affordability hinges on local wages.
In Mississippi, the least affordable state, a minimum-wage worker must labor about 111 hours—nearly three weeks—to afford U.S. citizenship. In contrast, the same fee requires only about 45 hours of work in Washington, D.C. A marriage-based green card, the most common family immigration path, consumes about 76% of one month's income for a typical Mississippi household, compared with 41% in Washington, D.C. The fee is identical; the burden is not.
The index details typical do-it-yourself costs ranging from about $494 for a green card renewal to about $3,883 for a K-1 fiancé visa. A marriage-based green card totals about $3,744, of which roughly $700 is expenses beyond the government fee. For a couple living at 150% of the federal poverty line, a do-it-yourself marriage green card equals about 138% of a month's income—more than a full month's pay. Hiring an immigration attorney roughly doubles the cost, reaching about $8,344 for a marriage green card and $9,183 for a K-1 visa in straightforward cases.
The least affordable states are Mississippi, Louisiana, Kentucky, Oklahoma, and Alabama—all among the 20 states still at the $7.25 federal minimum wage. The most affordable are Washington, D.C., Washington, California, New Jersey, and Connecticut. The burden is set to grow: in June 2026, the Department of Homeland Security proposed raising the naturalization fee by up to 75%—from $760 to $1,330 for paper filers—and eliminating fee waivers, hitting hardest the lower-income families the index shows already paying the largest share of their income.
"The Index shows how heavily these costs fall on lower-income families," said Russ Leimer, CitizenPath co-founder and CEO. "But even a couple earning $100,000 a year pays about 45% of a month's income for a marriage green card—and that's before hiring an attorney." Cesar Luna, CitizenPath co-founder and immigration attorney, added, "I regularly see families delay or give up on applications they qualify for, purely because of cost. Cost, not eligibility, is what stops many of these families from immigrating the legal way—the way the government tells them to."
The index covers six journeys across all 50 states and the District of Columbia, built on verified government fees and typical self-preparation costs—never on CitizenPath's own pricing. The full report, a state-by-state data appendix, a downloadable CSV, and an interactive dashboard are available at citizenpath.com/immigration-affordability-index/ and are free to republish with attribution. Cite as: CitizenPath U.S. Immigration Affordability Index, 2026 Edition.
